What Causes Prostate Cancer?

By jolene

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Prostate cancer originates from the prostate, a gland found in the male reproductive system. Although generally a slow growing caner, thousands die every year. It is also the second commonest cause of cancer death in males. In cases where growth is rapid, the cancer cells may spread to other areas of the body, especially the lymph nodes and bones.

The variation in prostate cancer rates among different populations have suggested the involvement of genetic factors. Currently, most prostate cancers are diagnosed in asymptomatic patients using the prostate specific antigen (PSA) level test or findings via a digital rectal examination. Public education is important as it helps men to make a decision regarding screening using the PSA test and treatment choices for those diagnosed with prostate cancer.

1. Pathophysiology

Prostate cancer occurs when there is excessive cell division, resulting in uncontrolled tumor growth. As many as 95% of prostate cancers are adenocarcinomas. About 4% of prostate cancer is thought to originate from the urothelial lining of the prostatic urethra. Mutations of genes such as those for p53 and retinoblastoma may cause tumor progression and metastasis. In prostate cancer, 70% occur in the peripheral zone, 15% to 20% in the central zone, and 10% to 15% in the transitional zone. If locally invasive, it may spread to the bladder neck, seminal vesicles, and ejaculatory ducts. The mechanism for metastasis to distant parts is still poorly understood. Prostate cancer spreads to the bone early without significant lymph node involvement.